Human sexuality Essay Example for Free

Human sexuality EssayShe was barely eight years old when together with seven of her years mates ,she was handed over to a traditional circumciser who took them through the painful process of FGM. it has been many years since ,and she has accomplished so much in life, provided the incident remains fresh in her mind. The old woman who took them through the process was going blind, she says, and three of the eight who underwent the performance died due to excessive bleeding. unmatchable of them was her very close friend.Luckily for her, the bleeding was non too much and she had a savior at hand. Her father, who was a policeman, took her to a hospital in Garissa employ a police land rover. This was the traumatizing experience that nominated Member of Parliament, Sophia Abdi Noor went through when her mother blessed her to undergo the rite of departure that would cleanse her and make her unimpeachable for marriage according to tradition.Never originally in history of the august house had a member used her own life experience to prod debate as Ms.Sophia did when supporting the bill to outlaw female genital mutilation. Female genital mutilation is the term used for operations or removal of all in all or just persona of the external parts of female genitilia. This practice has for a long time come under increasingly intense foreign scrutiny from the news media, feminist and valet rights organizations. The main reasons for continuation of FGM are firstly, as a rite of passage from girlhood to womanhood a circumcised woman is considered mature, obedient and aware of her role in the family and society.Secondly, FGM is perpetuated as a means of reducing sexual desire of girls and women, thereby curbing sexual activity before and ensuring fidelity within marriage. Although opposition to female circumcision has been articulated throughout the twentieth century, starting with missionaries and colonial administrators, the current resurgence of indignation was ignited in part by activists at conferences honoring the United Nations Decade for women(1975-1985). (Shell-Duncan. B,Hernland-Ypg 23) The practice of circumcising women has very deep roots that touch all aspects of the cultures that continue to inflict it upon their girls.However,it still remains to be a practice that violates the human rights of affected women in a moral and ethical sense because it generates psychological torture, low self-esteem, tampers with a womans sexuality and is a health hazard. Psychological torture The pain inflicted by F. G. M does not stop with the initial procedure, but oft continues as an ongoing torture throughout a womans life. Intense pain and hemorrhage experienced during the procedure can lead to shock.A 1985 Kenyan guinea pig found that nearly 97% of the 269 women interviewed experienced intense pain during and after F. G.M and more than 13% went into shock. According to WHO, It is self-evident that any form of functional interference i n the highly sensitive genital organs constitutes a serious threat to the woman, and that the painful operation is a source of major sensual as well as psychological trauma. The extent and nature of the immediate and long-term mental disturbances go away depend on the girls cozy defences, the prevailing psychological environment, and a host of other pointors. The family no doubt does its best to mitigate the painful effects of the operation nonetheless, they necessarily undergo overpower experiences.Even before the operation, the threat of cutting and fear provoking situation whitethorn disturb the mental state of the child to the degree that it causes worry, anxiety, sleeplessness, nightmares or panic. As anticipating precautions against these anxieties the family commonly uses various forms of traditional magi co-religious practice such as fumigation, or the wearing of amulets. On a religious perspective, the scripture prescribes that special efforts be make to care for those who are most vulnerable. (Deut 1017-19,Ps 823,4 Ps2411,12Luke 152-54) Jesus taught that children should be loved and nourished.Therefore,the genital mutilation of young girls violates the biblical mandate to safeguard children and protect them from harm and abuse Tampers with a womans sexuality. Sexual intercourse can only take place after opening the infibulation, through mental process or penetrative sexual intercourse. Consequently, intercourse is frequently painful during the first weeks after initiation. Although it is difficult to verify reports or womens sexual experiences, physical complications from FGM often impede sexual enjoyment. FGM destroys much or all of the vulva nerve endings, delaying arousal or impairing orgasm.Lacerations loss of skin elasticity, or development of neuron (a tumor or mass growing from a nerve) can lead to painful intercourse. In a 1993 Kenyan study, 5% of women interviewed experienced painful intercourse while 9. 3% of them reported having dif ficult or impossible penetration, and that many of the married ones only accepted it only as a duty. Scripture celebrates the divinely ordained give of sexual intimacy within marriage (Eccl9. 9Prov 518,19). The practice of female genital mutilation should be renounced because it threatens the creators design for the experience of beatific sexuality by married couples.For married couples, the gift of sexual union may be further blessed by the birth of children (Prov 3128). The fact that successful childbirth is threatened by FGM is additional grounds for opposition to this practice. Health hazard. In October 1994, as a response to the call to Global Action,UNICEF issued an administrator directive declaring that FGM is a health hazard to children and violation of their human rights. FGM in any form should not be practiced by health professionals in any setting including hospitals or other health establishments.Unnecessary oddly mutilation cannot be condoned by health providers. FGM is poisonous to the health of women and girls and violates their basic human rights and medicalization of the procedure does not eliminate this harm. On the contrary, it reinforces the continuation of the practice by seeming to legitimize it. Health practitioners should provide all necessary care and counseling for complications that may arise as a result. Group circumcision, where the same unsterilized instrument is used on several girls at a time, repeat cutting and sew together increases risk of HIV infection.The Bible presents the goodness of Gods creation, including the creation of human beings (Gen 131 Ps 13913, 14). God is the source and sustainer of human life (Job 334 john 13, 4). He calls for preservation of human life and holds humanity accountable for its destruction(Gen 95,6Ex2013,Jer 73-34). The human automobile trunk is the the temple of the Holy Spirit, and followers of God are urged to care for and preserve their bodies, including the Creators gift of sexuality, as a spiritual responsibility (1cor615-19).Because FGM is harmful to health, threatening to life, and injurious to sexual function, it is incompatible with the will of God. Having discussed the side effects that FGM pauses to victims, various communities have come up with measures to fight this procedure, an alternative rite of passage in the abandonment of FGM is used. It involves a four-step procedure Preparation Seminars for both parents and initiates are encouraged. The topics will include side effects of female circumcision, and get prepared to interpret a residential seminar to elaborate on what the alternative procedure entails.Actual Circumcision In the alternative Rite of passage, material circumcision should be stopped since we have learnt that it is not necessary to make a woman an adult nor mature. The side effects of F. C both short and long terms are to be avoided if actual circumcision is not performed. Parents can select a teacher and trainer, for their daughter w ho will accompany her to the residential centre for an alternative rite of passage seminar. Seclusion. For this the girls will mention a residential seminar for one week away from home.The initiate will be accompanied with their teacher and trainer. Women both circumcised and un circumcised from the community will facilitate during the seminar. superfluous topics-AIDS, STIs, simple hygiene and great women in the Bible, in community and in Kenya. Rites and rituals will be optional. Girls of circumcision age are between six and twelve years old. For the purpose of effective learning, the girls will be divided into two groups girls between six and nine, ten and twelve. Graduation Graduation is expected to be brief and colourful.Songs, drama, plays and poems will be encouraged. Parents, community leaders, politicians and government officials will be invited to attend to witness the graduation of whole girls. Certificates of graduation will be awarded and prayers, blessings conducted. Exchange of gifts for newly have girls will be carried out and finally the graduates will be handed over to the community,chief,church elders and clan elders. Since its an annual event, committees are to b e complete to plan for the following year.

Economic Factors Leading To Increased Crime Rate Economics Essay

Economic Factors Leading To Increased Crime Rate Economics Essay1-IntroductionEconomic prosperity serves as a gritrock for the overall progress of a nation. One thing is common in all developed nations- they ar scotchally sound. When citizens of a arena are freed from the worries of earning a livelihood to sustain their lives, they divert their attention to much useful things. They focus on program line, improvise healthcare, develop technologies that make life easy and much more. scurvy economic condition is the root cause of so umteen paradoxs that exist in a social club.The Beckers paper opened the door to a new study of experimental research whose important purpose was to verify and study the socioeconomic variables that affect criminal offense. The economics of crime interacts with different and heterogeneous fields, i.e. (Sociology, Criminology, Psychology, Geography and Demography) and it is closely connect to poverty, social exclusion, wage and in grapple ineq uality, cultural and family background, take aim of education and otherwise economic and socio-demographic factors that may affect an individuals propensity to commit crime much(prenominal) as age, sexuality and urbanization.1Crime is an activity which is against the law and the fact that the linkage among criminal activities and the socio-economic development of the society is undeniable. Crimes are associated with economic downturns and it is believed that crimes generally tend to compound during recessions and when fork overnce is not performing well. As we know unemployment increases dramatically during bad economy which can lead to more cases of depression and increased routine of crimes. The most transparent cases are drugs and alcohol. lot suffering from depression often turn to drugs for refuge. Increase in drug taking leads to more drug related crimes. Drug dealing will conk out higher if demand is higher and when people do not have much to buy the drugs they w ill commit theft for m geniusy. It is excessively more likely that people will commit crimes, such as those involving violence, if they are intoxicated by drugs or alcohol. On the other side economic development are to a fault dependent upon reduction in crimes. Keeping crime rates low now is the best guarantee that cities across the country will be able to exploit the inevitable economic reco very(prenominal) when it comes.2A recession leads to more debt. If people spiral into debt they are liable to become more desperate. This particularly increases crimes such as theft. People are more likely to steal so they can pay off their debts. They may in addition turn to other illegal ways to make money if they feel that there are no legitimate ways of earning.Violence is another empyrean that can increase during a recession. People are more liable to get outraged when times are tough, and therefore are more likely to turn violent. People may be angry with their employer who has made them redundant, or the political relation because they dont feel that they are being helped sufficiently, meaning they are generally more disgruntled with the world. People may likewise become more hostile towards each other. In particular those who are struggling may be angry towards those who are not. There has been a recent example of this in Ireland, where there were instances of violence towards more or less Romanian immigrants. The reason for this was attributed to some being angry that the immigrants had interpreted their jobs, although they were jobs local people hadnt applied for at the time of the vacancies.Family break ups are sometimes more likely to occur during a recession. Debt can cause focussing within the family and lead to marriages breaking up. The breakup of parents can have an effect on children. They also show these children are 70% more likely to murder school without any qualifications. This is significant as a high percentage of crime is shown to be c ommitted by those with a slimy education.3There has not been undertaken a administrationatic comprehensive study for Pakistan on the above mentioned issue. Several explanations have been profferd on crime in the literature but none of these provide a sound analysis of linkage between urbanization and crime. Therefore, there is dire need to fill this gap in the literature by conducting an empirical investigation on the relationship between crime and urbanization. This provides the motivation for the underlying study. More specifically, the objective of this study is to find the relationship between crimes and urbanization and some other macroeconomic factors such as unemployment, and splashiness. The question is what will be the impact on crimes when large numbers of people settle down in a single city? Using time series data for Pakistan the study covers the period of 2007-2011.The results indicate that there is a positive association between urbanization and crime in Pakistan. Moreover, unemployment, inflation, and income inequality are also important determinants of crimes. Education, on the other hand, is found to have a negative effect on criminal activities. Rest of the study proceeds as follows Section II briefly reviews the related literature on crimes and their determinants. Section III discusses the theoretical illustration and the econometric methodology used in the study. Detail of variables, results and interpretations are presented in Section IV. Section V concludes the study.3-Economy of Pakistan.Economic prosperity serves as a lynchpin for the overall progress of a nation. One thing is common in all developed nations- they are economically sound. When citizens of a country are freed from the worries of earning a livelihood to sustain their lives, they divert their attention to more useful things. They focus on education, improvise healthcare, develop technologies that make life easy and much more. distressing people economic condition is the root cause of so many problems that exist in a society.3.1- GDP Growth.In the context of Pakistan, owing to the fact that it is a developing nation, there is no wonder that it is surrounding with a number of social and economical problems. The real issue is not the presence of these problems in society because, as stated earlier, there is no concept of an ideal society in the world. Every country in the world has its own set of socio-economic problems. The primary(prenominal) issue is the extent and intensity of the socio-economic problems of Pakistan which have soared to alarming levels.Today, Pakistans economy remains somewhat backwards. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Pakistan expanded 2.39 percent in the second quarter of 2011 over the previous quarter.43.2 lumpThe inflation rate in Pakistan was last reported at 10.2 percent in November of 2011. From 2003 until 2010, the average inflation rate in Pakistan was 10.15 percent reaching an historical high of 25.335percent i n August of 2008 and a record low of 1.41 percent in July of 2003. Inflation rate refers to a general rise in prices mea veritabled against a standard level of purchasing power. The most well known measures of Inflation are the CPI which measures consumer prices, and the GDP deflator, which measures inflation in the whole of the domestic economy.4 Crimes in PakistanCrime Statistics of Pakistan shows that there is a rapid increase in the number of crime reported over time like other countries of the world. It may be because of high unemployment, rising poverty, increasing inflation and urbanization.6.Despite the efforts and measures taken by the government and tall claims of law enforcement agencies for busting gangs, the crime rate in the country is increasing day by day and the crime rate is said to be touching 20.1 percent during the last one year in all over the country. the graph of vehicle theft and goofballing, mobile phones snatching , fatal incidents and general crimes is on rise while jurisprudence and other law enforcers are raising pleasant slogans and making non-stop claims for busting criminal gangs and rounding up individuals indulging in vehicle snatching and other crimes.If crime was a rational response to income inequality, the thinking went government can best fight it finished social services and wealth redistribution, not through arrests and incarceration.7According to data collected by online from National Police Bureau (NPB) shows that there are 59189 proclaimed offenders involved in major crimes while police has succeeded to arrest 70948 POs during year 2008 but still 59000 are operating. Amazingly, the numbers also increased from 58615 in 2008 to 59189 in 2009. According to the data, Punjab is still on top emplacement with record number of 25991 proclaimed offenses while Sind is on second with 18373 offenders, NWFP 9514, Baluchistan 2659, Federal Capital 1777, Northern areas 446 and AJK have 429 proclaimed offenders.84.1. Economic Factors leading to increased crime rate in Pakistan.4.11 PovertyLack of basic necessities is called Poverty. The people all over the world are facing serious problems of poverty.The results show that poverty also causes crime. The poor have limited income and resources to satisfy their desires and wants. In Pakistan the poverty statistics show dismal picture besides increasing income inequality. The low income means low parsimoniousness potential which results in low standard of living. The low income in relation to increase prices (inflation) has crime instigating effect by reducing individuals moral threshold. Therefore, it can be concluded that people in poverty are induced to commit crime. The results of Granger causality through Toda-Yamamoto procedure affirm that poverty causes crime.9A gigantic percentage of people in world are below the average line of poverty and such condition leads to begin cultural crime such as Suicide, Murder ETC. Almost 70% population of Pakistan l ive in villages. Most of them dont have access to sufficient basic needs of life. They are struggling for bread and butter. A large chunk of population lives below poverty line. They live in miserable conditions. Lack of proper food, clothing and shelter, poor sanitation, unsafe and sometimes dirty drinking water are just some of their many problems. Poverty itself gives rise to various other social problems. It deprives children of poor people to access education and healthcare. We read crime stories in newspapers that are characterized by lower orders of society who adopt illegal channels to get the fiscal prosperity which they cannot come through otherwise.4.12 Illiteracy.The illiteracy rate all over the world is increasing and the prime reason beside it is the high cost of education and lack of institutions and access. People due to lack of resources are unable to educate their childrens and so chain is developed with ever increasing illiteracy.In Pakistan Illiteracy is yet ano ther problem. The literacy rate lingers on 56%. Over the decades, despite decreasing, illiteracy rate in Pakistan has shown an upward trend. Not only that but enrollment ratio of students at primary level has shown a decreasing trend. The facts that 50 percent of children do not complete their primary education testify this fact. Despite spending millions on it, government has failed to achieve literacy rates comparable to other countries in South Asia.4.13- CorruptionCorruption is the prime reason rotter the economical unstableness. Corruption has spread into the world and has ruined the economy. Just as a weed spread in the field and affect the yield of the crop. Corruption is the mother of other problem such as unemployment which will be discussed later.According to latest report of Transparency International, Pakistans Corruption Perceptions Index declined to 2.3 in 2010 against 2.4 in 2009, and out of 178 countries, its ranking as most muck up country jumped from 42 in 2009 to 34 in 2010.10 Corruption in government departments is so much deep-rooted that a common concept prevails that the system doesnt let honest people to work peacefully. There is a lack of responsibility due to which wealthy people and those in power are sure that they cant be held responsible for their deeds. So they keep on looting the national treasures and find ways to legalize their black-money. Many corrupt people dont even off bother to do that.4.14- UnemploymentUnemployment is a major social problem caused by poor economical system. Whole world is facing serious problems of unemployment and the reason behind it is the unstable economy. Lack of funds followed by unorganized system and lack of new projects are causing unemployment worldwide. Therefore the serving of deserving people is not used, causing loss to both country and the person.The results of the data analysis reveal that unemployment in Pakistan Granger causes crime. The reason is that unemployment rate in a countr y is a complementary indicator of income opportunities in the legal labour market. Therefore, when, unemployment rate increases the opportunities for earning income decreases which instigate the individuals to commit crime. The costs of committing crime go down for unemployed workers. The results of causality concord this proposition that unemployment causes crime.11In Pakistan major portion of population consists of youth and a large number of young people who have the ability and are willing to work are unemployed. Currently rate of unemployment as per official resources is 7.4% but according to some private estimates the rate of unemployment is 12%.12There are many reasons of unemployment like influx of machinery that has replaced manpower, lack of new industries and defective education system. But the impacts of unemployment are more serious and dangerous. People who dont find work here emigrate to other countries with better prospects. Also, people tired of making both ends meet due to unemployment indulge in evil activities and ratio of crimes increase.4.15- wellness ProblemHealth is another social problem caused by poor economical conditions. The cost of living is ever increasing and shortage of funds is a usual problem worldwide. There are less hospitals and medical centers and if there are any, the people are unable to afford their and their children health expenses so the health problems grow unchecked.4.16- war on TerrorismWar against terrorism is another very important reason behind the economical problem. War benefits none, person is hurt badly and someone is destroyed completely. War is affecting the worlds economy and is causing problems like shortage of fuel, lack of funds, increase in health problem etc. When we talk more or less Pakistan, Due to war on terror, local people of war-ridden areas are migrating to other areas of Pakistan. Country has seen the largest migration since independence in 1947. These people have left their homes, b usinesses, possessions and property back home. This large influx of people and their rehabilitation is an economic burden for Pakistan. Unemployment is already common and now the question of providing employment to these migrants has also become a serious concern. This portion of population is contributing nothing worthwhile to the national income yet they have to be benefited from it. This unproductive lot of people is a developing economic problem of Pakistan.4.17 Lack of tourismLack of tourism is also a cause of the declining in economy. Northern areas of Pakistan have been a place of capacious tourist attraction. The beautiful hills, the lush green valleys, shimmering lakes and flowing waterfalls brought many a tourist from all over the world to Pakistan. This contributed to foreign exchange. Tourism Industry was one of the booming industries of Pakistan. Besides attracting foreign exchange, it also provided employment to local people. Also, tourist intentness was a source o f friendly relations with other countries.If the tourists are to come here in large numbers next year and feel comfortable, then streets should be cleared of the crimes now called street crimes. It is one thing to snatch mobile phones by the dozen everyday and quite another to relieve women of their jewelry. And there are bank robberies and snatching of money as the customers come out with that from banks. What is worse is resistance to such crimes which is fatal in too many cases.13Nevertheless, war on terrorism has served as a serious blow to the tourism industry of Pakistan. Local as well as foreign media has projected Pakistan as a dangerous and unsafe country. Its poor law and order situation has appall the tourist and thus Northern areas no more receive many tourists.4.18 Loss in BusinessThe poor economical system affects the business very badly. People all over the world are facing serious losses in business. In Pakistan sugar, cement and shoe industry is on its hurriednes s while textile industry is breathing its last. Foreign investors are not ready to setup their businesses in Pakistan. They have their own set of problems which include plaguey and lengthy procedure of getting licenses and work permits in Pakistan, power crises, terrorism and declining exports. transnational Companies are unwilling to open their offices and franchises in Pakistan. More than 70 Multinational Companies have already packed up their business from Pakistan. Now adding to the cost of doing business in Pakistan is the frequent wheel jam strikes.145- ConclusionThe first and the main conclusion is that there is positive association of depriving economic conditions with crimes in Pakistan. We conclude that bad economy is very important determinant of crimes in case of Pakistan. This strapping analysis shows the very strong positive relation of urbanization with crimes in Pakistan. The other outcome is that in Pakistan inflation, unemployment and income inequality also the m ain determinants of crimes. Education also shows positive relation with crimes but this is not the right sign because we estimate model with urbanization, unemployment and with education then its sign become negative. It means that unemployment captures the sign of education so its right sign is negative. If there is more high education in Pakistan then this will reduce the crimes also. This study brings the important policy implications.In order to reduce the crime rate it is important that economic growth has to be favorable for poor class of the society. It should follow a path that directs resources to those sectors where majority of the poor exist like agriculture sector and the areas where they live (comparatively less developed areas).15The policy makers should make some planning to improve the economy and should provide more chance of employment and more capacity to absorb the rapid urbanization. After getting good education people dont have suitable job. and so those pers ons can adopt illegal ways to earn more money. But the special focus should be on infrastructure development because since 1964 urbanization increases. blink of an eye important implication is that government should create job opportunities in rural areas as well. This process will reduce the burden of unemployed persons in urban areas and finally reduce crimes. Moreover, the policy makers should try to keep inflation within acceptable limits so that the real income of consumers does not lose its purchasing power.

The Power Of Healing Through Forgiveness Philosophy Essay

The Power Of Healing Through mercy Philosophy EssayMahatma Gandhi once said, The weak domiciliate never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong. (APA, pg. 1). She slumped against the argue clutching her knees and tried to concentrate on the pain of the old burn that had never healed, (Piercy, pg.54) When we harbor negative emotions toward some others or toward ourselves, or when we intentionally frame pain for others we poison our own physical and spiritual systems. By far the strongest poison to the human spirit is the inability to forgive oneself or another person. It disables a persons emotional resources. The challenge is to refine our capacity to love others as well as ourselves and to develop the might of forgiveness. (Myss (mp3) 2004). Donna Fancourt argues that In addition to the radical destabilization of the categories of trance and reality, the novel also represents further examples of altered states of consciousness. (Francourt, pg.103). Although Boyd s ubmits I dont have a clue or so consciousness. It seems utterly mysterious to me. But it moldiness be physical, as materialism must be true. (Boyd, pg.15).Mahatma Gandhi once said, The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong. (APA, pg. 1). In Woman on the Edge of Time, Marge Piercy introduces us to Connie (Consuelo Ramos), a thirty-six year old, who is abused, misdiagnosed, tortured and appears to be a sociopath to her doctors. Connies been in a mental hospital for child abuse and, as a result, her daughter Angelina has been taken from her. When you get hurt by someone you care about a lot, normally brings about thoughts of anger and revenge and one can hold on to that anger for a very long time, and if anger and revenge is held onto then that individual is giving their provide away.In Woman on the Edge of Time, Marge Piercy uses a perfect illustration of Connie to portray this, power, or more circumstantialally, the lack thereof. Being powerless, Conni e had to make herself believe to be ill, accepting Anglo definitions of success, relationships, and sanity. She slumped against the wall clutching her knees and tried to concentrate on the pain of the old burn that had never healed, (Piercy, pg.54) Connie has to accept this reality and wont be able to bloat out her memory, as she has plenty of regrets and anger. She is not sick nor is she suffering from any mental disorder, Connie will have to gather up all her courage and will power to cooperate with the doctors to pass on a better reality elsewhere, and this could be through her subconscious hear. This internal power derived from a created reality is what Connie is attempting to achieve a happening at regaining power. Marge Piercy talks about how the Mattapoisett are at war and learn that the residents have to volunteer to go and fight. Sound wave make weapons are used to knock out the enemy. Although, before firing each sound wave, Luciente prays, Forgive me, if you are liv ing and I kill you. (Piercy, pg. 62) even though Luciente does not roll in the hay if the enemies are robots or if they are controlled by human beings, he feels obligated to convey for forgiveness.In 3 Levels of Power, Caroline Myss discusses the tribal, the individual, and the symbolic levels of power. Myss explains that the spirit has the ability to create a distinct reality, one that you want to choose, 3rd is your mental level, the kind of power to see reality clearly. You have to have an un persuade sense of internal power to withdraw your power from the tribal limits on your reality. (Myss (pdf) pg. 2). Caroline Myss goes on to explain why forgiveness is so powerful and make water it away is so negative, as she explains When we harbor negative emotions toward others or toward ourselves, or when we intentionally create pain for others, we poison our own physical and spiritual systems. By far the strongest poison to the human spirit is the inability to forgive oneself or a nother person. It disables a persons emotional resources. The challenge is to refine our capacity to love others as well as ourselves and to develop the power of forgiveness.(Myss (mp3) 2004). Myss, states that forgiveness is what helps us disconnect from the tribe, maneuvering us into individual power, and getting us into the present time. Myss compares this level to the strength of cologne, Its stronger than eau d toilette, and will last longer (Myss (mp3) 2004). Although Myss is very resolute to say that, The act of forgiveness is the act of returning to present time. And thats why when one has become a forgiving person, and has managed to let go of the past,what theyve really done is theyve shifted their relationship with time.(Myss (mp3) 2004). When someone is content with ones life, the negative energy is hard to affect someone, especially one who is ill, as that person who is sick is primarily focused on dealing with what is ahead of you, instead of complaining and arguing (M yss (mp3) 2004), Myss goes on to explain that if one learns how to love oneself, by appreciating life, the healing process within happens faster and better because of the inner belief that, one can fight this illness and not give away power.Donna Fancourt argues that In addition to the radical destabilization of the categories of dream and reality, also represents further examples of altered states of consciousness (Francourt, pg.103), furthermore she said, that the drugs given to Connie may have facilitated her hallucinations. (Fancourt, pg. 108). Achieving the 3rd level of power is not something everyone can do, unless you have trained yourself to go-to that state through meditation, and now you are an expert in doing so. Myss and Piercy, both(prenominal) show that it is achieved through the aide of illness to tap into that power. The tribe says this illness you have cant be healed quickly but someone with a strong sense of eye, can tactual sensation at the other side and say, i t may be true for you but not for me, you can choose a different path of healing, youre using other thought processes (Myss (mp3) 2004). Very similar to Piercy, as Luciente comments, We can only know what we can truly imagine because what we see comes from ourselves (Piercy, pg. 328). If making connections with one another and nature, both mental and physical, then these connections can only be aided by altering states of consciousness. Connie enters Mattapoisett through her ability to reach different states of consciousness her first sharp-sightedness of an alternative reality is of hazy memories of dreams with the mysterious Luciente, and she awakens one morning with the sense that there was more she had not remembered, a sensation of return, blurred but convincing (Piercy, pg. 33). In Accessing Utopia through Altered States of Consciousness, Fancourt tries to show how Piercy tries to blur the states of consciousness, These cloudy memories and dreams soon overlap into daydreams and increasingly longer states of unconsciousness by the end of the novel, Connie is spending up to twelve hours at a time in Mattapoisett. (Fancourt, pg. 105). In Accessing Utopia through Altered States of Consciousness, Fancourt discusses, how one may access this power, accessing utopia takes place through a specific process of altering states of consciousness. These altered states range widely from dreaming and meditation to psychic healing, (Fancourt, pg. 95). Although being able to switch from dream to reality in Connies case, was something she could achieve very easily and that is one of the main reasons Luciente chose Connie as the experimental contact.Although Boyd submits I dont have a clue about consciousness. It seems utterly mysterious to me. But it must be physical, as materialism must be true. (Boyd, pg.15). Worthington idea In Forgiveness A Sampling of Research Results, can be used to assure how Lucientes act of prayer gives him a chance to regain power, Forgiveness is fostered by acknowledgment from harm doers of their actions, empathy with those they have harmed, expressions of regret and apology (APA, pg. 31). The states of consciousness, In Woman on the Edge of Time by Piercy points to the Mattapoisett people who turn to violence are advised to consult a healer. A second offence, however, causes execution since the community arent automatic to live with people who choose to use violence (Piercy, pg. 209). The people of Mattapoisett, recognize that the people who turn to violence are giving away their power and should desire forgiveness by visiting a healer to begin their healing process and to remove any illness within. Asking for forgiveness and giving forgiveness, is the superior ways of showing love, and in doing so will not only heal your relationship with the other person but also bring walking on air and inner peace.Power and forgiveness, is the main themes of Myss stories, The act of forgiveness is the act of returning to presen t time. And thats why when one has become a forgiving person, and has managed to let go of the past, what theyve really done is theyve shifted their relationship with time. (Myss (mp3) 2004) and in the story of Connie (Woman on the Edge of Time) by Piercy, gives an example of how thanksgiving in the Mattapoisett traditional religious conformism is replaced with a naked as a jaybird set of rituals intended to promote individuality, with thanksmaking (Piercy, pg. 174) where they would fast for the whole day (twenty four hours) before they go around asking forgiveness from everyone they have offended in the year (Piercy, pg. 174). Whether it is in your sub conscious or couscous state of mind, Boyd uses the example of what David Chalmers, said in The Conscious Mind, I dont have a clue about consciousness. It seems utterly mysterious to me. But it must be physical, as materialism must be true.(Boyd, pg.15). In Forgiveness A Sampling of Research Results, mullet et al, discovered that, M ost (58%) of participants agreed that forgiveness could be an intergroup process, 28% were neutral, and only 14% thought that it was not possible for a group of people to ask another group for forgiveness. (APA, pg. 35). What does this mean to us you may ask? Well, Every individual has a reaction to the illness that they are encompassed by and the energy released from that illness, gives ones mind the power and ability of forgiveness, Every illness is a power responsewhen your body mind or spirit is going through any kind of reshaping it mechanically presumes that a rebalancing of power is taking place (Myss (mp3) 2004) to leave the physical world and enter into a world where the transcendent mind is present, We can only know what we can truly imagine. Finally what we see comes from ourselves. (Piercy, pg. 332).

Social Reference Groups Family Roles And Status Media Essay

Social Reference Groups Family Roles And Status Media EssayNowadays, on that transport argon more(prenominal) and more products available in the market, a good deal supported by advertising and strong communication.The objective of the study of consumer deportment or more precisely the customer, is to understand how people buy and consume. This analysis is very(prenominal) complex because each individual is unique and versatile, so not al personal manners faithful. In addition, there ar many factors you take in to take into consideration and there argon often uncontrollable.So the actions of buyers are quite difficult to predict. For that you have to understandWhat they areWhat they doWhat they thinkHow they decide and actAccording to Schiffman Kanuk, consumer behaviour is principally about the search, the purchase, the use, the evaluation and the disposal of the product and service that they assume leave alone please they needs.Moreover they are both(prenominal) buyer c haracteristics and psychology, which influence their buyer behaviour. They are four important categories heathen elaboration, subculture, social classSocial reference conferences, family, roles and statusPersonal age, life cycles/second stage, occupation, economic mooring, lifestyle, personality and self-importance conceptPsychological motivation, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudesHere we allow analyse in which way people are influenced by their psychological need, with their personal and social self-concept. however we will also see the possible influence of the symbolic expenditure, the reference group influence and also the cultural group influences.First we have to understand the think of these articles.Self concept totality of the individuals thoughts and feelings having reference to himself as an object (Rosenberg 1979)According to Burns and Rosenberg, real self is associated with how a person apprehends herself ideal self is associated with how a person des ire to apprehend herself and finally social self is associated with how a person introduces herself to the others.There are at least two reasons the self-esteem and self consistency (Epstein 1980)The first is associated with the penchant for the search of experiences that reinforce the self-concept. The second is the penchant for someone to act constantly with her view of herself. These two notions could be rival.Symbolic consumptionAccording to Levy, it is associated with the penchant of the consumer to concentrate on the meanings, apart from the real physical aspect of tangible objects. This is more a social tool who to communicate in the midst of the individual and his references (Grubb and Grathwohl, 1967).If you want that your product or brand act as an emblem it has to be culturally spread and overlap (Dittmar, 1992).Reference groupA reference group is the group, which forms a comparison or a reference in their attitudes or behaviour. You fanny be a member or not, save any way it has an influence, great or no on your confidences, values or attitudes.According to Hebert Hyman, it also means that you use your group as a point of reference in deciding your preferences and believes. The size plunder be variable, small to very large like political party or religious institution.Cultural groupCulture is what a person of a clubhouse learns from family and other important institutions.It could be some beliefs, values or customs. (Kotler, 1996).By culture you mean societys personality as the language, laws, religions, food customs, music, artCulture is something you acquire.So cultural group is people who shared a same culture, and you can have trine levels of subjective cultureSupranationalNationalGroup (e.g. families, friends, shopping group)IN WHICH WAY PEOPLE ARE INFLUENCED?As we have seen before, a consumer can be influence by some factors like personal, psychological or social characteristics.First, the personal characteristics are particular to one personAge and life cycle ( fit in to the Royal Bank of Scotland it exists 5 life cycle stage segments youth, getting started, builders, accumulators and preservers)Occupation, which influence the goods and services who are purchase by a consumer.Economic situation (personal income, interest rates, savings)Lifestyle activities ( bestow, hobbies), interests (food, fashion), opinions (business, products)Personality multi-trait approach ( v-factor model), single-trait approach (consumer ethnocentrism, need for cognition, consumers need for uniqueness)Self-concept self-imageThe self-concept is a multidimensional assembly (Hamm and Cunfiff, 1969 Hughes and Guerrero, 1971 Guttman, 1973) that allows people to judge them in many share of social situations.aspects_of_self_concept_002-17.gif(Hunter 2012) Broad aspects of self-conceptPERSONAL SELF-CONCEPTSelf-concept is often linked to the brand personality (Levy 1959, Sirgy 1982), because people usually buy a brand they think they are co-ord inated with (Dent-Read Szokolsky, 1993 Zalthman, 1997). The aim is for the consumer to fraternize with the brand. Landon (1974) thinks that people are interested in brands that fit their self-concept and personality.E.g. Body Shop justice and equityBrand personality, according to Jennifer Aaker is the characteristics, which are come with with a brand.E.g. Pepsi is seen as young while Coca-Cola is seen as real and honestAccording to Kardes et al (2011), if the main goal of the marketers is to do brand awareness, then they have to cultivate a communication with real self-concept. We can take LOreal with is slogan Because Im worth it or Apple with Im a Mac or Im a PC. To the contradictory if they want to change beliefs about the brand, they have to focus on ideal self-concepts. For congresswoman US Armys slogan Be all you can be Pateck Philippe Who will you be in the next 24 hours?)But does the brand personality really count?According to Freling, Crosno and Henard (2011) they have demonstrate in one try the effectiveness of their system based on three constituents favourability, originality and clarity. These are directly related to the purchase decision.Attri onlyes of products can lead to a characteristic identity for a person.For example, a teenager his with fashion jacket, which is making him self-confident, and permit to feel like a cool guy.Most of the people are carrying about some of their objects that fasten them what they are. And sometimes if you loose them you feel like you have lost a piece of you.We can take the example of someone who would have been robbed very often he will have the impression of being raped. It is the same with the natural catastrophes where the people feel very depressed or are experiencing a accrue of their sense of self. Another example is in Ireland nowadays, a tradition wants that people are buried with some of their very important values objects.So we can say that the products can influence the self-concept we use an d have.Russel Belk has widely contributed to the development of the extended self-notion, but William James is at the origin of the conviction that the objects we have can serve well the construction of our identity and that people are thank to what they have.His physical and psychological aspect does not only define the person but also his wife and his children or the house and clothes he owns.Another example could be the automobile, according to Banning (1996), for a lot of Americans it is a valuable piece of they self. They are spending a lot of time taking care of their car.Other people are decorating their office with personal items or pictures.They also like according to Tian and Belk (2005) people like to express their personality through objects they have on their desk as mobile phone or notebook. Some people think that they could not live without these technologies. They are like a part of their brains.Moreover, the choices of the aspects you decide to affirm in the workp lace demonstrate the way you are arbitrating between home and work borders.Most of the products you have are independent from your physical aspect (except from the haircut, tattoowe can also talk about diet and plastic surgery).By buying a certain product you can show your singularity.According to Tian et al, the research of the singularity shows the need that people have to develop and improve their social and self-personality thanks to the purchase and use of products. It allows them to make a distinction from those who are buying other products.Due to this need marketers have developed the personalized purchases (e.g. Converse, Nike or some shop where you can do your own tee-shirt).Some objects have become indispensable, like mobile phone that are permitting people to be connected with the others, but also for the adolescent to feel more adult.SOCIAL SELF-CONCEPTAccording to Whyte, the possession of an innovative property demonstrates the model of the interpersonal communication. With his example about the air conditioner, he says that social setity is very high up in America. So when people are exchanging with their neighbours about their new purchase it animates them to do the same purchase.Nowadays, there are the same things in residential sphere with swimming pools, trampolines, and television satelliteWhyte also talk about the corporate norms, which stimulate conventionality in offices.Moreover, the word of mouth (viral marketing can be associated with it) is one of the most relevant things in influencing people, in a bad or a good way. stack are widely influences by their relatives and people they are seeing like friends, work partners and journalists for example. As they are submerging by advertising the informal king is eventide stronger and often decisive.According to Charles Cooley, self-concept is directly related to the intercommunication with other people.The_looking_glass_self.pngConsumers are influenced by their culture. It could be seen a s the personality of a certain society. As a human being, culture is made by some proper characteristics like demography, norms, art or traditions.It is not easy for a person of a society to certainly define how his culture is. According to Michael Solomon, as we dont face another type of culture or environment, it is difficult to realize what are the differences about the clothes, foods and way of interacting with each other.According to McCracken, a lot of significations in our everyday life products are developed by our culture. They are giving symbolic qualities to products consistent to our culture through advertising. E.g. Calvin Klein with is ads about thinness.It exists some different rituals according to the countryWedding ceremony for the JewishNew years celebration in FranceSenior high school prom in AmericaMoreover, people can also be influenced by subcultures. They possess the same value systems established on shared life experiences. There are some characteristics as r ace and origins. It exists 4 important subcultures in AmericaHispanicAfrican AmericanAsian mature consumersFor example they have common characteristics like for American Hispanics (Mexican, Cubans, Costa Ricans)Shopping is something they do in family, they are willing to buy some goods of good type (generics are not preferred), they are brand loyal and like companies who are interested in them.We can also talk about another subculture age, with for example the Generation Y (born 1982-2000) who are willing to use more internet than newspapers, use a lot text messaging and spend time on online social networks.3690640303001.pngFishbein and Ajzen (1975)The reference groups are groups that can form a comparison or a reference in forming attitudes of behaviour. It can be also aspirational, informal, uncomplicated and secondary or symbolic. With the reference groups we face new way of behaviours and lifestyles, but it also inspire our attitudes and self-concept. Moreover it can develop w ays of pressure to conform to our group, it could influence our products and brand choices. It can be some rock stars, professional athletes, opinion leaders or group like for example Vocalpoint, a federation for moms.Celebrities endorsement is usually use in advertising to convince the consumer to choose this brand.Very often, the consumer is not even aware of the behavioural influence of the group. This is especially accepted is the development of social networks like Facebook, Twitter or forum where consumers talk about their experiences. You are influenced, as this is a relevant aspect of your social life. But for that you have to share the same interests. (Michener Wasserman, 1995).Kathryn Mercurio and Mark Forehand (2011) have shown that when you are watching a television ad that makes you think about your reference group, it is easier for you to dream up it.It exists different types of groups like shopping, work, consumer-action, friendship or virtual groups.Shopping grou p could decrease the risk of your purchase thanks to the opinion of the others.Consumer-action group is for example who are fighting for a cause like Greenpeace.Concerning the friendship group, we could say that its one of those who have the most important influence on purchases with the family one.They are often more trustful with their friends than the marketers.According to Emmanuel Rosen(2002), more than 43% of the people who are travelling have made their choices of planes and hotels thanks to the advice of their friends and family.So people are very wrapped to their advices, also for clothes, for the brands their purchase but also for the magazines and the films they will choose.According to Tobi Elkin (2011), the influence of the peer is the first motive in the shopping behaviour of the teenage girls. correct if they are price-conscious and attentive to interesting deal, the most important thing is that their friends and family agree with their purchase decision.With the app earance and development of Internet, virtual groups are borne.Hoegg et al (2006) recognized five typesBlogsWikisPodcastsSocial networksSocial bookmarkingThis kind of online activity has totally changes the ways people are influenced it has a relevant role with brand connections. Because people can intimately learn about the brand they like and people are sharing recommendations for brand through these sites.Finally they are a lot of ways whereby the consumer is influenced. It could be by discussing the product, or by the pressure of the peer, by imitation or by the influence of social media.We have seen that a reference group can have a wide influence on people, principally by playing an informational role. They could also have an utilitarian influence, because people are looking for toleration and approval.Reference groups can also be value-expressive, because they are ready to conform to the group due to the psychological need to be part of the group. They can equivalence their selves to the others. (Schiffman et al., 2008).According to Saul Kassin, Steven Fein and Hazel Markus (2010), we all are animate by the actions of other people. (E.g. when someone is laughing you are often tempted to laugh too or for the musicians who are putting some of their money to encourage people to donate).Consumer conformity is when people change their behaviour to adapt to the other consumers (e.g. compliance or mystical acceptance).According to Solomon Asch(1951), during a study when the judgement of a person is in conflict with the opinion of most of the other participants, he generally changes is mind even if they are wrong.There is also the anti-conformist who is willing to stop buying a brand when it is too popular (e.g. Apple)CONCLUSIONTo conclude, we can say that self-concept is not just about our essential values or interests but it is also about people who are around us like family, friends, intimate relationship and group of interest. (William James, 1980). Self -concept can be related to social connections with our peers, our families or even with our reference groups.They are often using the reaction of other people to construct their opinion and themselves but also by using social comparisons.So the personal and social concept is closely related to the symbolic consumption, reference groups and social groups. Relationships are something very relevant for the construction of themselves.We have also seen that we are more willing to process the information that is consistent with our self-concept and that our self-image could be multiple (family self, friend self, assimilator self).

Essay example --

Megan MooreComposition 2A. GaffneyMarch 11, 2014To Dope or Not to Dope The Answer is NoAs closely New York Yankee fans know, Alex Rodriguez finished the 2013 baseball season with 654 home-runs on his c ber. 654. He is currently fifth in home-run record books. Sadly for A-Rod fans, there will be no 2014 season. Following a lengthy bout with the MLB, Rodriguez was suspended by and by testing positive for PEDs--testosterone supplements to be exact. Tied to the, now-closed, Biogenesis clinic, Rodriguez and (at least) a dozen others are in the spotlight for cheating the game they love. Non-baseball fans might recognize the name Lance Armstrong multi-cancer survivor, cyclist and guilty of cheating his sport as well. These two, among several others, are the posterboys for a dark era in athletics. As most people would agree, steroids and other drugs are a major problem in athletics today, non just for the athletes but for those of us who enjoy a just, fair, clean game.For many, many year s, doping has been an integral part of athletic society. Research believes that doping derives roots back in antediluvian patriarch Greek and Roman culture, 776 B.C (Baron) Granted PEDs back in the day were god-awful mixtures of herbs, drugs, and alcohol, the drugs athletes are taking now are just as bad. Margaret Goodman, a brain doctor and the president of the Voluntary Anti-Doping Association (VADA), explains the different side-effects of steroids. As a ringside physician of boxing matches, shes listened to the boxers talk about performance-enhancing drugs. Fighters using polecat described the horrible consequences heart, kidney, liver, bone, brain and psychiatric ailment (Goodman).Recently, there is a push for the legalization of steroids and various other PE... ...cles and testosterone. Wheres the fun in shrewd someone is cheating a sport they love? As more and more athletes come under-fire, the accomplishments of well-to-do athletes are covered up. How many baseball fans knew Johan Santana, a former Minnesota Twin, threw his first no-hitter in 2012? This no-hitter was also the first in the new York Mets team history. Meanwhile, that same season, favorites like Melky Cabrera and Bortolo Colon, among others, were suspended after testing positive for PEDs. Not only are performance-enhancing drugs destroying our athletes bodies, they are destroying the sports we enjoy. The athletes we look up to are leaving a negative effect on the children tone up to them. If we allow this practice to continue, or even worse, legalize steroids, we run the risk of hurting our athletes, our students and the good integrity of our sports.

Persuading their Mistresses in The Flea and To His Coy Mistress Essay

Persuading their Mistresses in The Flea and To His modest MistressExamine the ways in which the poets in The Flea and To His CoyMistress try to persuade their mistresses.Both The Flea by John Donne and To His Coy Mistress by AndrewMarvell are seduction poems, written by the poets to seduce theirmistresses. Both have three stanzas and a basic couplet rhymingstructure. Donne and Marvell are metaphysical poets from the 17thcentury. They have taken simple ideas and stretched them farther - forexample, using a flea as a symbol of union. They have madephilosophical poems about simple facts of life - for example, the fearof death seen in To His Coy Mistress. The similarity seen betweenthese poems is quite surprising - the use of imagery, enjambement andvariation in rhythm and rhyme to relate their ideas, and the way theyput in front their arguments to seduce their mistresses.In The Flea, the flea is used as a symbol of their be intimate, or his lovefor her. The word flea has many connot ations and denotations, butinterestingly, when spoken sounds the same as the verb, to flee. Inaddition to perhaps suggesting the fleeting nature of love, the wordalso connotes danger to run away as from danger to take flight totry to escape valve, is the Oxford English Dictionaries definition. It canalso connote an abrupt ending to run away from, hasten away from toquite abruptly, forsake (a person or a place, etc.). This insightwould give an added dimension to Donnes use of a flea in his poem.The OED also provides us with the definition a small wingless insectwell know for its biting propensities and its agility leaping. Thefinding that fleas do not have wings could be quite significant,because ... ...blood, and that trip out with him willtake no more from than the flea did. Marvells scratch line persuasion tacticis a romantic one - that he loves her so much she should have sex withhim, the second persuasive argument is that if she doesnt have sexwith him, measure will pass an d she will die a virgin. His last is againone of time - that they should take hold of time how they can, andmake him Marvell personifies time in his poem run. The imagery inTo His Coy Mistress is very effective, and the use of a flea as asymbol in a love poem holds together quite well, even if it is arather surprising choice. The enjambment in both poems really givesthe poems meaning, creating a tone in all(prenominal) of them, and whether themistresses they were trying to persuade were every actually persuadedor not, it is clear that the poets went to great lengths in theirattempts.

Assessing Issues of Gender in Social Work Practice: An Overview of the

Asses darknessg Issues of Gender in Social Work Practice An Overview of the De-feminization of the Female A better question would be to regard what we as a society can do to ensure that gender equality is not just an issue about men and women, but in like manner an issue about the quality of humanity. Every woman is birth-defective, an imperfect male begotten because her father happened to be ill, weakened, or in a state of sin at the time of her conception. St. Thomas Aquinas Simone de Beauvoirs influential work, entitled The Second Sex, made mainstream society aw be of womens rejection of the theories upon which her development and socialization were based. Through de Beauvoirs eyes we argon privy to her perceptions of the injustices facing women, especially as women attempt to make their way in a male-dominated world. Her social criticisms range from the effects of socialization on feminine stereotypes and social norms to the imbalance of gender roles and patriarchal psych ological theories on female development. She takes particular issue with Sigmund Freuds classical, psychoanalytic theory about human development. Some of her strongest criticisms are of Freuds psychosexual stages of development in which he seems to minimize or devalue female development, thus suggesting that women are sexually and socially inferior to men. The importance of what de Beauvoir is verbalize is that womens existence has been minimized, devalued, and left out of the psychoanalytic equation altogether in terms of development. While de Beauvoir chooses to study women in an existential perspective - taking into answer for her complete existence and environment - Freud has minimized the female experience to nothing more than inherent envy for the male org... ...n authority, but also to answer those questions when in authority. References Benjamin, J. (1995). Sameness and Difference The Overinclusive Model. Psychoanalytic Inquiry 15(1), 125-142. Davis, L. (1985). Female and Male Voices in Social Work. Social Work. March-April. 106-112.Gilligan, C. (1982). In A Different Voice Psychological speculation and Womens Development. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.Goldman, E. (1917). The Traffic in Women and Other Essays on Feminism. refreshing York, NY Mother Earth Publishing Association. Horney, K. (1967). Feminine Psychology. New York, NY W.W. Norton and Company, Inc.Paglia, C. (1992). Sex, Art, and American Culture. New York, NY Vintage Books.Paglia, C. (1994). Vamps and Tramps. New York, NY Vintage Books. Schultz, D. (1990). Theories of Personality. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Incorporated.